Gestures for touch sensitive input devices

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for processing touch inputs are disclosed. The invention in one respect includes reading data from a multipoint sensing device such as a multipoint touch screen where the data pertains to touch input with respect to the multipoint sensing device, and identifying at least one multipoint gesture based on the data from the multipoint sensing device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964filed Jul. 30, 2004, which applications are specifically incorporated intheir entirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to gesturing associated withtouch sensitive devices.

2. Description of the Related Art

There exist today many styles of input devices for performing operationsin a computer system. The operations generally correspond to moving acursor and making selections on a display screen. The operations mayalso include paging, scrolling, panning, zooming, etc. By way ofexample, the input devices may include buttons, switches, keyboards,mice, trackballs, touch pads, joy sticks, touch screens and the like.Each of these devices has advantages and disadvantages that are takeninto account when designing the computer system.

Buttons and switches are generally mechanical in nature and providelimited control with regards to the movement of the cursor and makingselections. For example, they are generally dedicated to moving thecursor in a specific direction (e.g., arrow keys) or to making specificselections (e.g., enter, delete, number, etc.).

In mice, the movement of the input pointer corresponds to the relativemovements of the mouse as the user moves the mouse along a surface. Intrackballs, the movement of the input pointer corresponds to therelative movements of a ball as the user moves the ball within ahousing. Mice and trackballs also include one or more buttons for makingselections. Mice may also include scroll wheels that allow a user tomove through the GUI by simply rolling the wheel forward or backward.

With touch pads, the movement of the input pointer corresponds to therelative movements of the user's finger (or stylus) as the finger ismoved along a surface of the touch pad. Touch screens, on the otherhand, are a type of display screen that has a touch-sensitivetransparent panel covering the screen. When using a touch screen, a usermakes a selection on the display screen by pointing directly to GUIobjects on the screen (usually with a stylus or finger).

In order to provide additionally functionality, gestures have beenimplemented with some of these input devices. By way of example, intouch pads, selections may be made when one or more taps are detected onthe surface of the touch pad. In some cases, any portion of the touchpad may be tapped, and in other cases a dedicated portion of the touchpad may be tapped. In addition to selections, scrolling may be initiatedby using finger motion at the edge of the touch pad.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,719 and 5,590,219, assigned to Apple Computer, Inc.describe some other uses of gesturing. U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,719 disclosesan onscreen button that is responsive to at least two different buttongestures made on the screen on or near the button. U.S. Pat. No.5,590,219 discloses a method for recognizing an ellipse-type gestureinput on a display screen of a computer system.

In recent times, more advanced gestures have been implemented. Forexample, scrolling may be initiated by placing four fingers on the touchpad so that the scrolling gesture is recognized and thereafter movingthese fingers on the touch pad to perform scrolling events. The methodsfor implementing these advanced gestures, however, has severaldrawbacks. By way of example, once the gesture is set, it cannot bechanged until the user resets the gesture state. In touch pads, forexample, if four fingers equals scrolling, and the user puts a thumbdown after the four fingers are recognized, any action associated withthe new gesture including four fingers and the thumb will not beperformed until the entire hand is lifted off the touch pad and put backdown again (e.g., reset). Simply put, the user cannot change gesturestates midstream. Along a similar vein, only one gesture may beperformed at any given time. That is, multiple gestures cannot beperformed simultaneously.

Based on the above, there is a need for improvements in the way gesturesare performed on touch sensitive devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates, in one embodiment, to a computer implementedmethod for processing touch inputs. The method includes reading datafrom a multipoint touch screen. The data pertains to touch input withrespect to the touch screen. The method also includes identifying atleast one multipoint gesture based on the data from the multipoint touchscreen.

The invention relates, in another embodiment to a gestural method. Themethod includes detecting multiple touches at different points on atouch sensitive surface at the same time. The method also includessegregating the multiple touches into at least two separate gesturalinputs occurring simultaneously. Each gestural input has a differentfunction such as zooming, panning, rotating and the like.

The invention relates, in another embodiment to a gestural method. Themethod includes concurrently detecting a plurality of gestures that areconcurrently performed with reference to a touch sensing device. Themethod also includes producing different commands for each of thegestures that have been detected.

The invention relates, in another embodiment to a gestural method. Themethod includes displaying a graphical image on a display screen. Themethod also includes detecting a plurality of touches at the same timeon a touch sensitive device. The method further includes linking thedetected multiple touches to the graphical image presented on thedisplay screen.

The invention relates, in another embodiment to a method of invoking auser interface element on a display via a multipoint touch screen of acomputing system. The method includes detecting and analyzing thesimultaneous presence of two or more objects in contact with themultipoint touch screen. The method also includes selecting a userinterface tool, from a plurality of available tools, to display on adisplay for interaction by a user of the computing system based at leastin part the analyzing. The method further includes controlling theinterface tool based at least in part on the further movement of theobjects in relation to the multipoint touch screen.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a touch-based method.The method includes detecting a user input that occurs over a multipointsensing device. The user input includes one or more inputs. Each inputhas a unique identifier. The method also includes, during the userinput, classifying the user input as a tracking or selecting input whenthe user input includes one unique identifier or a gesture input whenthe user input includes at least two unique identifiers. The methodfurther includes performing tracking or selecting during the user inputwhen the user input is classified as a tracking or selecting input. Themethod additionally includes performing one or more control actionsduring the user input when the user input is classified as a gesturinginput. The control actions being based at least in part on changes thatoccur between the at least two unique identifiers.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a touch-based method.The method includes outputting a GUI on a display. The method alsoincludes detecting a user input on a touch sensitive device. The methodfurther includes analyzing the user input for characteristics indicativeof tracking, selecting or a gesturing. The method additionally includescategorizing the user input as a tracking, selecting or gesturing input.The method further includes performing tracking or selecting in the GUIwhen the user input is categorized as a tracking or selecting input.Moreover, the method includes performing control actions in the GUI whenthe user input is categorized as a gesturing input, the actions beingbased on the particular gesturing input.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a touch-based method.The method includes capturing an initial touch image. The method alsoincludes determining the touch mode based on the touch image. The methodfurther includes capturing the next touch image. The method furtherincludes determining if the touch mode changed between the initial andnext touch images. The method additionally includes, if the touch modechanged, setting the next touch image as the initial touch image anddetermining the touch mode based on the new initial touch image.Moreover, the method includes, if the touch mode stayed the same,comparing the touch images and performing a control function based onthe comparison.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a computer implementedmethod for processing touch inputs. The method includes reading datafrom a touch screen. The data pertaining to touch input with respect tothe touch screen, and the touch screen having a multipoint capability.The method also includes converting the data to a collection offeatures. The method further includes classifying the features andgrouping the features into one or more feature groups. The methodadditionally includes calculating key parameters of the feature groupsand associating the feature groups to user interface elements on adisplay.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a computer implementedmethod. The method includes outputting a graphical image. The methodalso includes receiving a multitouch gesture input over the graphicalimage. The method further includes changing the graphical image based onand in unison with multitouch gesture input.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a touch based method.The method includes receiving a gestural input over a first region. Themethod also includes generating a first command when the gestural inputis received over the first region. The method further includes receivingthe same gestural input over a second region. The method additionallyincludes generating a second command when the same gestural input isreceived over the second region. The second command being different thanthe first command.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a method forrecognizing multiple gesture inputs. The method includes receiving amultitouch gestural stroke on a touch sensitive surface. The multitouchgestural stroke maintaining continuous contact on the touch sensitivesurface. The method also includes recognizing a first gesture inputduring the multitouch gestural stroke. The method further includesrecognizing a second gesture input during the multitouch gesturalstroke.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a computer implementedmethod. The method includes detecting a plurality of touches on a touchsensing device. The method also includes forming one or more touchgroups with the plurality of touches. The method further includesmonitoring the movement of and within each of the touch groups. Themethod additionally includes generating control signals when the toucheswithin the touch groups are moved or when the touch groups are moved intheir entirety.

It should be noted that in each of the embodiments described above, themethods may be implemented using a touch based input device such as atouch screen or touch pad, more particularly a multipoint touch basedinput device, and even more particularly a multipoint touch screen. Itshould also be noted that the gestures, gesture modes, gestural inputs,etc. may correspond to any of those described below in the detaileddescription. For example, the gestures may be associated with zooming,panning, scrolling, rotating, enlarging, floating controls, zoomingtargets, paging, inertia, keyboarding, wheeling, and/or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be readily understood by the following detaileddescription in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a multipoint processing method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A and B illustrate an image, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a group of features, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a parameter calculation method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-6G illustrate a rotate gesture, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a touch-based method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a touch-based method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a touch-based method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a zoom gesture method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 11A-11H illustrates a zooming sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a pan method, in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate a panning sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of a rotate method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate a rotating sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 17A-17E illustrate a floating control sequence, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 19A-19D illustrate a zooming target sequence, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 21A-21D illustrate a page turning sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 23A-23D illustrate an inertia sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 25A-25D illustrates a keyboard sequence, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a diagram of a GUI operational method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 27A-27D illustrates a scroll wheel sequence, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally pertains to gestures and methods of implementinggestures with touch sensitive devices. Examples of touch sensitivedevices include touch screens and touch pads. One aspect of theinvention relates to recognizing at least two simultaneously occurringgestures. Another aspect of the invention relates to displaying agraphical image and linking different touches that occur to thegraphical image. Another aspect of the invention relates to immediatelyrecognizing gestures so that actions associated with the gestures can beimplemented at the same time. Another aspect of the invention relates tochanging a displayed image based on and in unison with a gestural input,i.e., the displayed image continuously changes with changes in thegestural input such that the displayed image continuously follows thegestural input. Another aspect of the invention relates to implementingan input mode based on the number of fingers (or other object) incontact with the input device. Another aspect of the invention relatesto providing region sensitivity where gestures mean different thingswhen implemented over different areas of the input device. Anotheraspect of the invention relates to changing an input while makingcontinuous contact with the touch sensitive surface of the touchsensitive device.

These and other aspects of the invention are discussed below withreference to FIGS. 1-27. However, those skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect tothese figures is for explanatory purposes as the invention extendsbeyond these limited embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system 50, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The computersystem 50 may correspond to a personal computer system, such as adesktops, laptops, tablets or handheld computer. The computer system mayalso correspond to a computing device, such as a cell phone, PDA,dedicated media player, consumer electronic device, and the like.

The exemplary computer system 50 shown in FIG. 1 includes a processor 56configured to execute instructions and to carry out operationsassociated with the computer system 50. For example, using instructionsretrieved for example from memory, the processor 56 may control thereception and manipulation of input and output data between componentsof the computing system 50. The processor 56 can be implemented on asingle-chip, multiple chips or multiple electrical components. Forexample, various architectures can be used for the processor 56,including dedicated or embedded processor, single purpose processor,controller, ASIC, and so forth.

In most cases, the processor 56 together with an operating systemoperates to execute computer code and produce and use data. Operatingsystems are generally well known and will not be described in greaterdetail. By way of example, the operating system may correspond to OS/2,DOS, Unix, Linux, Palm OS, and the like. The operating system can alsobe a special purpose operating system, such as may be used for limitedpurpose appliance-type computing devices. The operating system, othercomputer code and data may reside within a memory block 58 that isoperatively coupled to the processor 56. Memory block 58 generallyprovides a place to store computer code and data that are used by thecomputer system 50. By way of example, the memory block 58 may includeRead-Only Memory (ROM), Random-Access Memory (RAM), hard disk driveand/or the like. The information could also reside on a removablestorage medium and loaded or installed onto the computer system 50 whenneeded. Removable storage mediums include, for example, CD-ROM, PC-CARD,memory card, floppy disk, magnetic tape, and a network component.

The computer system 50 also includes a display device 68 that isoperatively coupled to the processor 56. The display device 68 may be aliquid crystal display (LCD) (e.g., active matrix, passive matrix andthe like). Alternatively, the display device 68 may be a monitor such asa monochrome display, color graphics adapter (CGA) display, enhancedgraphics adapter (EGA) display, variable-graphics-array (VGA) display,super VGA display, cathode ray tube (CRT), and the like. The displaydevice may also correspond to a plasma display or a display implementedwith electronic inks.

The display device 68 is generally configured to display a graphicaluser interface (GUI) 69 that provides an easy to use interface between auser of the computer system and the operating system or applicationrunning thereon. Generally speaking, the GUI 69 represents, programs,files and operational options with graphical images. The graphicalimages may include windows, fields, dialog boxes, menus, icons, buttons,cursors, scroll bars, etc. Such images may be arranged in predefinedlayouts, or may be created dynamically to serve the specific actionsbeing taken by a user. During operation, the user can select andactivate various graphical images in order to initiate functions andtasks associated therewith. By way of example, a user may select abutton that opens, closes, minimizes, or maximizes a window, or an iconthat launches a particular program. The GUI 69 can additionally oralternatively display information, such as non interactive text andgraphics, for the user on the display device 68.

The computer system 50 also includes an input device 70 that isoperatively coupled to the processor 56. The input device 70 isconfigured to transfer data from the outside world into the computersystem 50. The input device 70 may for example be used to performtracking and to make selections with respect to the GUI 69 on thedisplay 68. The input device 70 may also be used to issue commands inthe computer system 50. The input device 70 may include a touch sensingdevice configured to receive input from a user's touch and to send thisinformation to the processor 56. By way of example, the touch-sensingdevice may correspond to a touchpad or a touch screen. In many cases,the touch-sensing device recognizes touches, as well as the position andmagnitude of touches on a touch sensitive surface. The touch sensingmeans reports the touches to the processor 56 and the processor 56interprets the touches in accordance with its programming. For example,the processor 56 may initiate a task in accordance with a particulartouch. A dedicated processor can be used to process touches locally andreduce demand for the main processor of the computer system. The touchsensing device may be based on sensing technologies including but notlimited to capacitive sensing, resistive sensing, surface acoustic wavesensing, pressure sensing, optical sensing, and/or the like.Furthermore, the touch sensing means may be based on single pointsensing or multipoint sensing. Single point sensing is capable of onlydistinguishing a single touch, while multipoint sensing is capable ofdistinguishing multiple touches that occur at the same time.

The input device 70 may be a touch screen that is positioned over or infront of the display 68. The touch screen 70 may be integrated with thedisplay device 68 or it may be a separate component. The touch screen 70has several advantages over other input technologies such as touchpads,mice, etc. For one, the touch screen 70 is positioned in front of thedisplay 68 and therefore the user can manipulate the GUI 69 directly.For example, the user can simply place their finger over an object to becontrolled. In touch pads, there is no one-to-one relationship such asthis. With touchpads, the touchpad is placed away from the displaytypically in a different plane. For example, the display is typicallylocated in a vertical plane and the touchpad is typically located in ahorizontal plane. This makes its use less intuitive, and therefore moredifficult when compared to touch screens. In addition to being a touchscreen, the input device 70 can be a multipoint input device. Multipointinput devices have advantages over conventional singlepoint devices inthat they can distinguish more than one object (finger). Singlepointdevices are simply incapable of distinguishing multiple objects. By wayof example, a multipoint touch screen, which can be used herein, isshown and described in greater detail in copending and commonly assignedU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

The computer system 50 also includes capabilities for coupling to one ormore I/O devices 80. By way of example, the I/O devices 80 maycorrespond to keyboards, printers, scanners, cameras, speakers, and/orthe like. The I/O devices 80 may be integrated with the computer system50 or they may be separate components (e.g., peripheral devices). Insome cases, the I/O devices 80 may be connected to the computer system50 through wired connections (e.g., cables/ports). In other cases, theI/O devices 80 may be connected to the computer system 80 throughwireless connections. By way of example, the data link may correspond toPS/2, USB, IR, RF, Bluetooth or the like.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the computersystem 50 is designed to recognize gestures 85 applied to the inputdevice 70 and to control aspects of the computer system 50 based on thegestures 85. In some cases, a gesture is defined as a stylizedinteraction with an input device that is mapped to one or more specificcomputing operations. The gestures 85 may be made through various hand,and more particularly finger motions. Alternatively or additionally, thegestures may be made with a stylus. In all of these cases, the inputdevice 70 receives the gestures 85 and the processor 56 executesinstructions to carry out operations associated with the gestures 85. Inaddition, the memory block 58 may include a gesture operational program88, which may be part of the operating system or a separate application.The gestural operation program 88 generally includes a set ofinstructions that recognizes the occurrence of gestures 85 and informsone or more software agents of the gestures 85 and/or what action(s) totake in response to the gestures 85.

When a user performs one or more gestures, the input device 70 relaysgesture information to the processor 56. Using instructions from memory58, and more particularly, the gestural operational program 88, theprocessor 56 interprets the gestures 85 and controls differentcomponents of the computer system 50, such as memory 58, a display 68and I/O devices 80, based on the gestures 85. The gestures 85 may beidentified as commands for performing actions in applications stored inthe memory 58, modifying GUI objects shown on the display 68, modifyingdata stored in memory 58, and/or for performing actions in I/O devices80. By way of example, the commands may be associated with zooming,panning, scrolling, paging, rotating, sizing, and the like. As furtherexamples, the commands may also be associated with launching aparticular program, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making aselection, executing instructions, logging onto the computer system,permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of thecomputer system, loading a user profile associated with a user'spreferred arrangement of the computer desktop, and/or the like.

A wide range of different gestures can be utilized. By way of example,the gestures may be single point or multipoint gestures; static ordynamic gestures; continuous or segmented gestures; and/or the like.Single point gestures are those gestures that are performed with asingle contact point, e.g., the gesture is performed with a single touchas for example from a single finger, a palm or a stylus. Multipointgestures are those gestures that can be performed with multiple points,e.g., the gesture is performed with multiple touches as for example frommultiple fingers, fingers and palms, a finger and a stylus, multiplestyli and/or any combination thereof. Static gestures are those gesturesthat do not include motion, and dynamic gestures are those gestures thatdo include motion. Continuous gestures are those gestures that areperformed in a single stroke, and segmented gestures are those gesturesthat are performed in a sequence of distinct steps or strokes.

In one embodiment, the computer system 50 is configured to registermultiple gestures at the same time, i.e., multiple gestures can beperformed simultaneously. By way of example, a zoom gesture may beperformed at the same time as a rotate gesture, or a rotate gesture maybe performed at the same time as a pan gesture. In one particularimplementation, zoom, rotate and pan gestures can all occursimultaneously in order to perform zooming, rotating and panning at thesame time.

In another embodiment, the system is configured to immediately recognizethe gestures so that actions associated with the gestures can beimplemented at the same time as the gesture, i.e., the gesture andaction simultaneously occur side by side rather than being a two-stepprocess. By way of example, during a scrolling gesture, the screen moveswith the finger motion.

In another embodiment, an object presented on a display 68 continuouslyfollows the gesture occurring on a touch screen. There is a one to onerelationship between the gesture being performed and the objects shownon the display 68. For example, as the gesture is performed,modifications simultaneously occur to the objects located underneath thegesture. For example, during a zooming gesture, the fingers may spreadapart or close together in order to cause the object shown on thedisplay 68 to zoom in during the spreading and zoom out during theclosing. During this operation, the computer system 50 recognizes theuser input as a zoom gesture, determines what action should be taken,and outputs control data to the appropriate device, in this case thedisplay 68.

In another embodiment, the computer system 50 provides regionsensitivity where gestures mean different things when implemented overdifferent areas of the input device 68. For example, a rotation gestureover a volume knob causes volume increase/decrease, whereas a rotationgesture over a photo causes rotation of the photo.

In another embodiment, the number of fingers in contact with the touchscreen may indicate an input mode. For example, a single touch as forexample by a single finger may indicate the desire to perform tracking,i.e., pointer or cursor movements, or selections, whereas multipletouches as for example by a group of fingers may indicate the desire toperform gesturing. The number of fingers for implementing gesturing maybe widely varied. By way of example, two fingers may indicate a firstgesture mode, three fingers may indicate a third gesture mode, etc.Alternatively, any number of fingers, i.e., more than one, may be usedfor the same gesture mode, which can include one or more gesturecontrols. The orientation of the fingers may similarly be used to denotethe desired mode. The profile of the finger may be detected to permitdifferent modal operations based on whether the user has used his thumbor index finger, for example.

In another embodiment, an input can be changed while making a continuousstroke on the input device without stopping the stroke (e.g., liftingoff the touch sensitive surface). In one implementation, the user canswitch from a tracking (or selection) mode to gesturing mode while astroke is being made. For example, tracking or selections may beassociated with a single finger and gesturing may be associated withmultiple fingers; therefore, the user can toggle betweentracking/selection and gesturing by picking up and placing down a secondfinger on the touch screen. In another implementation, the user canswitch from one gesture mode to another gesture mode while a stroke isbeing made. For example, zooming may be associated with spreading a pairof fingers and rotating may be associated with rotating the pair offingers; therefore, the user can toggle between zooming and rotating byalternating the movement of their fingers between spreading androtating. In yet another implementation, the number of gesture inputscan be changed while a stroke is being made (e.g., added or subtracted).For example, during zooming where the fingers are spread apart, the usermay further rotate their fingers to initiate both zooming and rotation.Furthermore during zooming and rotation, the user can stop spreadingtheir fingers so that only rotation occurs. In other words, the gestureinputs can be continuously input, either simultaneously orconsecutively.

In one particular embodiment, a single finger initiates tracking (orselection) and two or more fingers in close proximity to one anotherinitiates scrolling or panning. Two fingers is generally preferred so asto provide easy toggling between one and two fingers, i.e., the user canswitch between modes very easily by simply picking or placing anadditional finger. This has the advantage of being more intuitive thanother forms of mode toggling. During tracking, cursor movement iscontrolled by the user moving a single finger on the touch sensitivesurface of a touch sensing device. The sensor arrangement of the touchsensing device interprets the finger motion and generates signals forproducing corresponding movement of the cursor on the display. Duringscrolling, screen movement is controlled by the user moving dual fingerson the touch sensitive surface of the touch sensing device. When thecombined fingers are moved in the vertical direction, the motion isinterpreted as a vertical scroll event, and when the combined fingersare moved in the horizontal direction, the motion is interpreted as ahorizontal scroll event. The same can be said for panning althoughpanning can occur in all directions rather than just the horizontal andvertical directions.

The term “scrolling” as used herein generally pertains to movingdisplayed data or images (e.g., text or graphics) across a viewing areaon a display screen so that a new set of data (e.g., line of text orgraphics) is brought into view in the viewing area. In most cases, oncethe viewing area is full, each new set of data appears at the edge ofthe viewing area and all other sets of data move over one position. Thatis, the new set of data appears for each set of data that moves out ofthe viewing area. In essence, the scrolling function allows a user toview consecutive sets of data currently outside of the viewing area. Theviewing area may be the entire viewing area of the display screen or itmay only be a portion of the display screen (e.g., a window frame).

As mentioned above, scrolling may be implemented vertically (up or down)or horizontally (left or right). In the case of vertical scrolling, whena user scrolls down, each new set of data appears at the bottom of theviewing area and all other sets of data move up one position. If theviewing area is full, the top set of data moves out of the viewing area.Similarly, when a user scrolls up, each new set of data appears at thetop of the viewing area and all other sets of data move down oneposition. If the viewing area is full, the bottom set of data moves outof the viewing area.

By way of example, the display screen, during operation, may display alist of media items (e.g., songs). A user is able to linearly scrollthrough the list of media items by moving his or her finger across atouch screen. As the finger moves across the touch screen, the displayeditems from the list of media items are varied such that the user is ableto effectively scroll through the list of media items. In most cases,the user is able to accelerate their traversal of the list of mediaitems by moving his or her finger at greater speeds. Some embodiments,which may be related to the above example, are described in greaterdetail below. See for example FIGS. 6, 23, 27.

FIG. 2 is a multipoint processing method 100, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The multipoint processing method100 may for example be performed in the system shown in FIG. 1. Themultipoint processing method 100 generally begins at block 102 whereimages are read from a multipoint input device, and more particularly amultipoint touch screen. By way of example, the multipoint touch screenmay generally correspond to the multipoint touch screen disclosed incopending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference. Although the term “image” is used itshould be noted that the data may come in other forms. In most cases,the image read from the touch screen provides magnitude (Z) as afunction of position (x and y) for each sensing point or pixel of thetouch screen. The magnitude may, for example, be reflect the capacitancemeasured at each point.

Following block 102, multipoint processing method 100 proceeds to block104 where the image is converted into a collection or list of features.Each feature represents a distinct input such as a touch. In most cases,each feature includes its own unique identifier (ID), x coordinate, ycoordinate, Z magnitude, angle .theta., area A, and the like. By way ofexample, FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a particular image 120 in time. Inimage 120, there are two features 122 based on two distinct touches. Thetouches may for example be formed from a pair of fingers touching thetouch screen. As shown, each feature 122 includes unique identifier(ID), x coordinate, y coordinate, Z magnitude, angle .theta., and areaA. More particularly, the first feature 122A is represented by ID.sub.1,x.sub.1, y.sub.1, Z.sub.1, .theta.sub.1, A.sub.1 and the second feature122B is represented by ID.sub.2, x.sub.2, y.sub.2, Z.sub.2,.theta.sub.2, A.sub.2. This data may be outputted for example using amultitouch protocol.

The conversion from data or images to features may be accomplished usingmethods described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/840,862 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Asdisclosed therein, the raw data is received. The raw data is typicallyin a digitized form, and includes values for each node of the touchscreen. The values may be between 0 and 256 where 0 equates to no touchpressure and 256 equates to full touch pressure. Thereafter, the rawdata is filtered to reduce noise. Once filtered, gradient data, whichindicates the topology of each group of connected points, is generated.Thereafter, the boundaries for touch regions are calculated based on thegradient data, i.e., a determination is made as to which points aregrouped together to form each touch region. By way of example, awatershed algorithm may be used. Once the boundaries are determined, thedata for each of the touch regions are calculated (e.g., x, y, Z,.theta., A).

Following block 104, multipoint processing method 100 proceeds to block106 where feature classification and groupings are performed. Duringclassification, the identity of each of the features is determined. Forexample, the features may be classified as a particular finger, thumb,palm or other object. Once classified, the features may be grouped. Themanner in which the groups are formed can widely varied. In most cases,the features are grouped based on some criteria (e.g., they carry asimilar attribute). For example, the two features shown in FIGS. 3A and3B may be grouped together because each of these features is located inproximity to each other or because they are from the same hand. Thegrouping may include some level of filtering to filter out features thatare not part of the touch event. In filtering, one or more features maybe rejected because they either meet some predefined criteria or becausethey do not meet some criteria. By way of example, one of the featuresmay be classified as a thumb located at the edge of a tablet PC. Becausethe thumb is being used to hold the device rather than being used toperform a task, the feature generated therefrom is rejected, i.e., isnot considered part of the touch event being processed.

Following block 106, the multipoint processing method 100 proceeds toblock 108 where key parameters for the feature groups are calculated.The key parameters may include distance between features, x/y centroidof all features, feature rotation, total pressure of the group (e.g.,pressure at centroid), and the like. As shown in FIG. 4, the calculationmay include finding the centroid C, drawing a virtual line 130 to eachfeature from the centroid C, defining the distance D for each virtualline (D.sub.1 and D.sub.2), and then averaging the distances D.sub.1 andD.sub.2. Once the parameters are calculated, the parameter values arereported. The parameter values are typically reported with a groupidentifier (GID) and number of features within each group (in this casethree). In most cases, both initial and current parameter values arereported. The initial parameter values may be based on set down, i.e.,when the user sets their fingers on the touch screen, and the currentvalues may be based on any point within a stroke occurring after setdown. As should be appreciated, blocks 102-108 are repetitivelyperformed during a user stroke thereby generating a plurality ofsequentially configured signals. The initial and current parameters canbe compared in later steps to perform actions in the system.

Following block 108, the process flow proceeds to block 110 where thegroup is or associated to a user interface (UI) element. UI elements arebuttons boxes, lists, sliders, wheels, knobs, etc. Each UI elementrepresents a component or control of the user interface. The applicationbehind the UI element(s) has access to the parameter data calculated inblock 108. In one implementation, the application ranks the relevance ofthe touch data to the UI element corresponding there to. The ranking maybe based on some predetermine criteria. The ranking may includeproducing a figure of merit, and whichever UI element has the highestfigure of merit, giving it sole access to the group. There may even besome degree of historesis as well (once one of the UI elements claimscontrol of that group, the group sticks with the UI element untilanother UI element has a much higher ranking). By way of example, theranking may include determining proximity of the centroid (or features)to the GUI object associated with the UI element.

Following block 110, the multipoint processing method 100 proceeds toblocks 112 and 114. The blocks 112 and 114 can be performedapproximately at the same time. From the user perspective, in oneembodiment, the blocks 112 and 114 appear to be performed concurrently.In block 112, one or more actions are performed based on differencesbetween initial and current parameter values as well as the UI elementto which they are associated. In block 114, user feedback pertaining tothe one or more action being performed is provided. By way of example,user feedback may include display, audio, tactile feedback and/or thelike.

FIG. 5 is a parameter calculation method 150, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The parameter calculation method150 may, for example, correspond to block 108 shown in FIG. 2. Theparameter calculation method 150 generally begins at block 152 where agroup of features is received. Following block 152, the parametercalculation method 150 proceeds to block 154 where a determination ismade as to whether or not the number of features in the group offeatures has changed. For example, the number of features may havechanged due to the user picking up or placing an additional finger.Different fingers may be needed to perform different controls (e.g.,tracking, gesturing). If the number of features has changed, theparameter calculation method 150 proceeds to block 156 where the initialparameter values are calculated. If the number stays the same, theparameter calculation method 150 proceeds to block 158 where the currentparameter values are calculated. Thereafter, the parameter calculationmethod 150 proceeds to block 150 where the initial and current parametervalues are reported. By way of example, the initial parameter values maycontain the average initial distance between points (or Distance (AVG)initial) and the current parameter values may contain the averagecurrent distance between points (or Distance (AVG) current). These maybe compared in subsequent steps in order to control various aspects of acomputer system.

The above methods and techniques can be used to implement any number ofGUI interface objects and actions. For example, gestures can be createdto detect and effect a user command to resize a window, scroll adisplay, rotate an object, zoom in or out of a displayed view, delete orinsert text or other objects, etc. Gestures can also be used to invokeand manipulate virtual control interfaces, such as volume knobs,switches, sliders, handles, knobs, doors, and other widgets that may becreated to facilitate human interaction with the computing system.

To cite an example using the above methodologies, and referring to FIGS.6A-6G, a rotate gesture for controlling a virtual volume knob 170 on aGUI interface 172 of a display 174 of a tablet PC 175 will be described.In order to actuate the knob 170, the user places their fingers 176 on amultipoint touch screen 178. The virtual control knob may already bedisplayed, or the particular number, orientation or profile of thefingers at set down, or the movement of the fingers immediatelythereafter, or some combination of these and other characteristics ofthe user's interaction may invoke the virtual control knob to bedisplayed. In either case, the computing system associates a fingergroup to the virtual control knob and makes a determination that theuser intends to use the virtual volume knob. This association may alsobe based in part on the mode or current state of the computing device atthe time of the input. For example, the same gesture may be interpretedalternatively as a volume know gesture if a song is currently playing onthe computing device, or as a rotate command if an object editingapplication is being executed. Other user feedback may be provided,including for example audible or tactile feedback.

Once knob 170 is displayed as shown in FIG. 6A, the user's fingers 176can be positioned around the knob 170 similar to if it were an actualknob or dial, and thereafter can be rotated around the knob 170 in orderto simulate turning the knob 170. Again, audible feedback in the form ofa clicking sound or tactile feedback in the form of vibration, forexample, may be provided as the knob 170 is “rotated.” The user may alsouse their other hand to hold the tablet PC 175.

As shown in FIG. 6B, the multipoint touch screen 178 detects at least apair of images. In particular, a first image 180 is created at set down,and at least one other image 182 is created when the fingers 176 arerotated. Although only two images are shown, in most cases there wouldbe many more images that incrementally occur between these two images.Each image represents a profile of the fingers in contact with the touchscreen at a particular instant in time. These images can also bereferred to as touch images. It will be understood that the term “image”does not mean that the profile is displayed on the screen 178 (butrather imaged by the touch sensing device). It should also be noted thatalthough the term “image” is used, the data may be in other formsrepresentative of the touch plane at various times.

As shown in FIG. 6C, each of the images 180 and 182 is converted to acollection of features 184. Each feature 184 is associated with aparticular touch as for example from the tips each of the fingers 176surrounding the knob 170 as well as the thumb of the other hand 177 usedto hold the tablet PC 175.

As shown in FIG. 6D, the features 184 are classified, i.e., eachfinger/thumb is identified, and grouped for each of the images 180 and182. In this particular case, the features 184A associated with the knob170 are grouped together to form group 188 and the feature 184Bassociated with the thumb is filtered out. In alternative arrangements,the thumb feature 184B may be treated as a separate feature by itself(or in another group), for example, to alter the input or operationalmode of the system or to implement another gesture, for example, aslider gesture associated with an equalizer slider displayed on thescreen in the area of the thumb (or other finger).

As shown in FIG. 6E, the key parameters of the feature group 188 arecalculated for each image 180 and 182. The key parameters associatedwith the first image 180 represent the initial state and the keyparameters of the second image 182 represent the current state.

Also as shown in FIG. 6E, the knob 170 is the UI element associated withthe feature group 188 because of its proximity to the knob 170.Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 6F, the key parameter values of the featuregroup 188 from each image 180 and 182 are compared to determine therotation vector, i.e., the group of features rotated five (5) degreesclockwise from the initial to current state. In FIG. 6F, the initialfeature group (image 180) is shown in dashed lines while the currentfeature group (image 182) is shown in solid lines.

As shown in FIG. 6G, based on the rotation vector the speaker 192 of thetablet PC 175 increases (or decreases) its output in accordance with theamount of rotation of the fingers 176, i.e., increase the volume by 5%based on rotation of 5 degrees. The display 174 of the tablet PC canalso adjust the rotation of the knob 170 in accordance with the amountof rotation of the fingers 176, i.e., the position of the knob 170rotates five (5) degrees. In most cases, the rotation of the knob occurssimultaneously with the rotation of the fingers, i.e., for every degreeof finger rotation the knob rotates a degree. In essence, the virtualcontrol knob follows the gesture occurring on the screen. Still further,an audio unit 194 of the tablet PC may provide a clicking sound for eachunit of rotation, e.g., provide five clicks based on rotation of fivedegrees. Still yet further, a haptics unit 196 of the tablet PC 175 mayprovide a certain amount of vibration or other tactile feedback for eachclick thereby simulating an actual knob.

It should be noted that additional gestures can be performedsimultaneously with the virtual control knob gesture. For example, morethan one virtual control knob can be controlled at the same time usingboth hands, i.e., one hand for each virtual control knob. Alternativelyor additionally, one or more slider bars can be controlled at the sametime as the virtual control knob, i.e., one hand operates the virtualcontrol knob, while at least one finger and maybe more than one fingerof the opposite hand operates at least one slider and maybe more thanone slider bar, e.g., slider bar for each finger.

It should also be noted that although the embodiment is described usinga virtual control knob, in another embodiment, the UI element can be avirtual scroll wheel. As an example, the virtual scroll wheel can mimican actual scroll wheel such as those described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos: 2003/0076303A1, 2003/0076301A1, 2003/0095096A1, whichare all herein incorporated by reference. For example, when the userplaces their finger on the surface of the virtual scroll wheel and makesa swirling, rotational or tangential gesture motion, a scrolling actioncan be performed with respect to a list of items displayed in a window.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a touch-based method 200 in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The method generally begins atblock 202 where a user input that occurs over a multipoint sensingdevice is detected. The user input includes one or more touch inputs,with each touch input having a unique identifier. Following block 202,the touch-based method 200 proceeds to block 204 where the user input isclassified as a tracking or selection input when the user input includesa single unique identifier (one touch input), or is classified as agesture input when the user input includes at least two uniqueidentifiers (more than one touch input). If the user input is classifiedas a tracking input, the touch-based method 200 proceeds to block 206where tracking is performed corresponding to the user input.

If the user input is classified as a gesture input, the touch-basedmethod 200 proceeds to block 208 where one or more gesture controlactions are performed corresponding the user input. The gesture controlactions are based at least in part on changes that occur with or betweenthe at least two unique identifiers.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a touch-based method 250 in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The touch-based method 250generally begins at block 252 where an initial image is captured duringan input stroke on a touch sensitive surface. Following block 252, thetouch-based method 250 proceeds to block 254 where the touch mode isdetermined based on the initial image. For example, if the initial imageincludes a single unique identifier then the touch mode may correspondto a tracking or selection mode. On the other hand, if the imageincludes more than one unique identifier, then the touch mode maycorrespond to a gesture mode. Following block 254, the touch-basedmethod 250 proceeds to block 256 where a next image is captured duringthe input stroke on the touch sensitive surface. Images are typicallycaptured sequentially during the stroke and thus the there may be aplurality of images associated with the stroke. Following block 256,touch-based method 250 proceeds to block 258 where a determination ismade as to whether the touch mode changed between capture of the initialimage and capture of the next image. If the touch mode changed, thetouch-based method 250 proceeds to block 260 where the next image is setas the initial image and thereafter the touch mode is again determinedat block 254 based on the new initial image. If the touch mode stayedthe same, the touch-based method 250 proceeds to block 262 where theinitial and next images are compared and one or more control signals aregenerated based on the comparison.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a touch-based method 300 in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The touch-based method 300 beginsat block 302 where a GUI object is output. For example, a processor mayinstruct a display to display a particular GUI object. Following block302, the touch-based method 300 proceeds to block 304 where a gestureinput is received over the GUI object. For instance, a user may set ormove their fingers in a gestural way on the surface of the touch screenand while over the displayed GUI object. The gestural input may includeone or more single gestures that occur consecutively or multiplegestures that occur simultaneously. Each of the gestures generally has aparticular sequence, motion, or orientation associated therewith. Forexample, a gesture may include spreading fingers apart or closingfingers together, rotating the fingers, translating the fingers, and/orthe like.

Following block 304 the touch-based method 300 proceeds to block 306where the GUI object is modified based on and in unison with the gestureinput. By modified, it is meant that the GUI object changes according tothe particular gesture or gestures being performed. By in unison, it ismeant that the changes occur approximately while the gesture or gesturesare being performed. In most cases, there is a one to one relationshipbetween the gesture(s) and the changes occurring at the GUI object andthey occur substantially simultaneously. In essence, the GUI objectfollows the motion of the fingers. For example, spreading of the fingersmay simultaneously enlarge the object, closing of the fingers maysimultaneously reduce the GUI object, rotating the fingers maysimultaneously rotate the object, translating the fingers may allowsimultaneous panning or scrolling of the GUI object.

In one embodiment, block 306 may include determining which GUI object isassociated with the gesture being performed, and thereafter locking thedisplayed object to the fingers disposed over it such that the GUIobject changes in accordance with the gestural input. By locking orassociating the fingers to the GUI object, the GUI object cancontinuously adjust itself in accordance to what the fingers are doingon the touch screen. Often the determination and locking occurs at setdown, i.e., when the finger is positioned on the touch screen.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a zoom gesture method 350, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The zoom gesture may beperformed on a multipoint touch screen. The zoom gesture method 350generally begins at block 352 where the presence of at least a firstfinger and a second finger are detected on a touch sensitive surface atthe same time. The presence of at least two fingers is configured toindicate that the touch is a gestural touch rather than a tracking touchbased on one finger. In some cases, the presence of only two fingersindicates that the touch is a gestural touch. In other cases, any numberof more than two fingers indicates that the touch is a gestural touch.In fact, the gestural touch may be configured to operate whether two,three, four or more fingers are touching, and even if the numbers changeduring the gesture, i.e., only need a minimum of two fingers at any timeduring the gesture.

Following block 352, the zoom gesture method 350 proceeds to block 354where the distance between at least the two fingers is compared. Thedistance may be from finger to finger or from each finger to some otherreference point as for example the centroid. If the distance between thetwo fingers increases (spread apart), a zoom-in signal is generated asshown in block 356. If the distance between two fingers decreases (closetogether), a zoom-out signal is generated as shown in block 358. In mostcases, the set down of the fingers will associate or lock the fingers toa particular GUI object being displayed. For example, the touchsensitive surface can be a touch screen, and the GUI object can bedisplayed on the touch screen. This typically occurs when at least oneof the fingers is positioned over the GUI object. As a result, when thefingers are moved apart, the zoom-in signal can be used to increase thesize of the embedded features in the GUI object and when the fingers arepinched together, the zoom-out signal can be used to decrease the sizeof embedded features in the object. The zooming typically occurs withina predefined boundary such as the periphery of the display, theperiphery of a window, the edge of the GUI object, and/or the like. Theembedded features may be formed on a plurality of layers, each of whichrepresents a different level of zoom. In most cases, the amount ofzooming varies according to the distance between the two objects.Furthermore, the zooming typically can occur substantiallysimultaneously with the motion of the objects. For instance, as thefingers spread apart or closes together, the object zooms in or zoomsout at the same time. Although this methodology is directed at zooming,it should be noted that it may also be used for enlarging or reducing.The zoom gesture method 350 may be particularly useful in graphicalprograms such as publishing, photo, and drawing programs. Moreover,zooming may be used to control a peripheral device such as a camera,i.e., when the finger is spread apart, the camera zooms out and when thefingers are closed the camera zooms in.

FIGS. 11A-11H illustrate a zooming sequence using the method describedabove. FIG. 11A illustrates a display presenting a GUI object 364 in theform of a map of North America with embedded levels which can be zoomed.In some cases, as shown, the GUI object is positioned inside a windowthat forms a boundary of the GUI object 364. FIG. 11B illustrates a userpositioning their fingers 366 over a region of North America 368,particularly the United States 370 and more particularly California 372.In order to zoom in on California 372, the user starts to spread theirfingers 366 apart as shown in FIG. 11C. As the fingers 366 spread apartfurther (distance increases), the map zooms in further on NorthernCalifornia 374, then to a particular region of Northern California 374,then to the Bay area 376, then to the peninsula 378 (e.g., the areabetween San Francisco and San Jose Area), and then to the city of SanCarlos 380 located between San Francisco and San Jose as illustrated inFIGS. 11D-11H. In order to zoom out of San Carlos 380 and back to NorthAmerica 368, the fingers 366 are closed back together following thesequence described above, but in reverse.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a pan method 400, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The pan gesture may be performed ona multipoint touch screen. The pan method 400 generally begins at block402 where the presence of at least a first object and a second objectare detected on a touch sensitive surface at the same time. The presenceof at least two fingers is configured to indicate that the touch is agestural touch rather than a tracking touch based on one finger. In somecases, the presence of only two fingers indicates that the touch is agestural touch. In other cases, any number of more than two fingersindicates that the touch is a gestural touch. In fact, the gesturaltouch may be configured to operate whether two, three, four or morefingers are touching, and even if the numbers change during the gesture,i.e., only need a minimum of two fingers. Following block 402, the panmethod 400 proceeds to block 404 where the position of the two objectswhen the objects are moved together across the touch screen ismonitored. Following block 404, the pan method 400 proceeds to block 406were a pan signal is generated when the position of the two objectschanges relative to an initial position. In most cases, the set down ofthe fingers will associate or lock the fingers to a particular GUIobject displayed on the touch screen. Typically, when at least one ofthe fingers is positioned over the image on the GUI object. As a result,when the fingers are moved together across the touch screen, the pansignal can be used to translate the image in the direction of thefingers. In most cases, the amount of panning varies according to thedistance the two objects move. Furthermore, the panning typically canoccur substantially simultaneously with the motion of the objects. Forinstance, as the fingers move, the object moves with the fingers at thesame time.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate a panning sequence based on the pan method 400described above. Using the map of FIG. 11, FIG. 13A illustrates a userpositioning their fingers 366 over the map. Upon set down, the fingers366 are locked to the map. As shown in FIG. 13B, when the fingers 366are moved vertically up, the entire map 364 is moved up thereby causingpreviously seen portions of map 364 to be placed outside the viewingarea and unseen portions of the map 364 to be placed inside the viewingarea. As shown in FIG. 13C, when the fingers 366 are moved horizontallysideways, the entire map 364 is moved sideways thereby causingpreviously seen portions of map 364 to be placed outside the vowing areaand unseen portions of the map to be placed inside the viewing area. Asshown in FIG. 13D, when the fingers 366 are moved diagonally, the entiremap 364 is moved diagonally thereby causing previously seen portions ofmap 364 to be placed outside the viewing area and unseen portions of themap to be placed inside the viewing area. As should be appreciated, themotion of the map 364 follows the motion of the fingers 366. Thisprocess is similar to sliding a piece of paper along a table. Thepressure the fingers exert on the paper locks the paper to the fingersand when the fingers are slid across the table, the piece of paper moveswith them.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of a rotate method 450, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The rotate gesture may be performedon a multipoint touch screen. The rotate method 450 generally begins atblock 452 where the presence of a first object and a second object aredetected at the same time. The presence of at least two fingers isconfigured to indicate that the touch is a gestural touch rather than atracking touch based on one finger. In some cases, the presence of onlytwo fingers indicates that the touch is a gestural touch. In othercases, any number of more than two fingers indicates that the touch is agestural touch. In fact, the gestural touch may be configured to operatewhether two, three, four or more fingers are touching, and even if thenumbers change during the gesture, i.e., only need a minimum of twofingers.

Following block 452, the rotate method 450 proceeds to block 454 wherethe angle of each of the finger is set. The angles are typicallydetermined relative to a reference point. Following block 454, rotatemethod 450 proceeds to block 456 where a rotate signal is generated whenthe angle of at least one of the objects changes relative to thereference point. In most cases, the set down of the fingers willassociate or lock the fingers to a particular GUI object displayed onthe touch screen. Typically, when at least one of the fingers ispositioned over the image on the GUI object, the GUI object will beassociated with or locked to the fingers. As a result, when the fingersare rotated, the rotate signal can be used to rotate the object in thedirection of finger rotation (e.g., clockwise, counterclockwise). Inmost cases, the amount of object rotation varies according to the amountof finger rotation, i.e., if the fingers move 5 degrees then so will theobject. Furthermore, the rotation typically can occur substantiallysimultaneously with the motion of the fingers. For instance, as thefingers rotate, the object rotates with the fingers at the same time.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate a rotating sequence based on the methoddescribed above. Using the map of FIG. 11, FIG. 15A illustrates a userpositioning their fingers 366 over the map 364. Upon set down, thefingers 366 are locked to the map 364. As shown in FIG. 15B, when thefingers 366 are rotated in a clockwise direction, the entire map 364 isrotated in the clockwise direction in accordance with the rotatingfingers 366. As shown in FIG. 15C, when the fingers 366 are rotated in acounterclockwise direction, the entire map 364 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction in accordance with the rotating fingers 366.

It should be noted that the methods described in FIGS. 10-15 can beimplemented during the same gestural stroke. That is, zooming, rotatingand panning can all be performed during the gestural stroke, which mayinclude spreading, rotating and sliding fingers. For example, upon setdown with at least two fingers, the displayed object (map) is associatedor locked to the two fingers. In order to zoom, the user can spread orclose their fingers. In order to rotate, the user can rotate theirfingers. In order to pan, the user can slid their fingers. Each of theseactions can occur simultaneously in a continuous motion. For example,the user can spread and close their fingers while rotating and slidingthem across the touch screen. Alternatively, the user can segment eachof these motions without having to reset the gestural stroke. Forexample, the user can first spread their fingers, then rotate theirfingers, then close their fingers, then slide their fingers and so on.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 500, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The GUI operational method 500is configured for initiating floating controls in a GUI. The GUIoperational method 500 generally begins at block 502 where the presenceof an object such as a finger or thumb is detected. This may for examplebe accomplished using a touch screen. Following block 502, the GUIoperational method 500 proceeds to block 504 where the object isrecognized (the identity of the object is found). The object may berecognized among a plurality of objects. For example, see block 104 ofFIG. 2 above.

Following block 504, the GUI operational method 500 proceeds to block506 where an image in the vicinity of the object is generated. The imageis typically based on the recognized object. The image may includewindows, fields, dialog boxes, menus, icons, buttons, cursors, scrollbars, etc. In some cases, the user can select and activate the image (orfeatures embedded therein) in order to initiate functions and tasks. Byway of example, the image may be a user interface element or a group ofuser interface elements (e.g., one or more buttons that open, close,minimize, or maximize a window). The image may also be one or more iconsthat launch a particular program or files that open when selected. Theimage may additionally correspond to non interactive text and graphics.In most cases, the image is displayed as long as the object is detectedor it may be displayed for some preset amount of time, i.e., after aperiod of time it times out and is removed.

In one particular embodiment, the image includes one or more controloptions that can be selected by the user. The control options mayinclude one or more control buttons for implementing various tasks. Forexample, the control option box may include music listening controlbuttons as for example, play, pause, seek and menu.

FIGS. 17A-17E illustrate a floating control sequence using the methoddescribed above. As shown in FIG. 17A, a user 510 is using a tablet PC512 and therefore is holding the tablet PC 512 with one hand 514 whilenavigating (e.g., tracking, gesturing) with the other hand 516. As shownin FIG. 17B, which is a close up of the user holding the tablet PC 512,a portion of the thumb of the holding hand 514 is positioned over thetouch screen 520. As shown in FIG. 17C, the tablet PC 512 recognizes thethumb and displays a control box 522 adjacent the thumb. The control box522 includes various buttons 524, which can be selected by the user'sthumb to initiate tasks in the tablet PC 512. As shown in FIG. 17D,while holding the tablet PC 512, the thumb is extended over one of thebuttons 524 and subsequently tapped thereby selecting the taskassociated with the button 524. By way of example, the task may beassociated with launching a program or gaining access to a network orchanging the mode of operation of the device. The control box 522 andbuttons 524 may be used to change the input mode of the touch screen 520so that, for example, the identical gesture made with the fingers of theuser's other hand may have multiple meanings depending on which ofbuttons 524 is selected. As shown in FIG. 17E, when the thumb is movedaway from the touch screen 520, the control box 522 may time out anddisappear. Alternatively, the control box may be closed usingconventional close icons or buttons.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 550, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The GUI operational method 550is configured for initiating zooming targets. The GUI operational method550 generally begins at block 552 where a control box GUI element isdisplayed. The control box contains one or more control buttons, whichare somewhat close together, and which can be used to perform actions.The control box may, for example, include control buttons such asmaximize, minimize, close, and the like. Following block 552, the GUIoperational method 550 proceeds to block 554 where the control box isenlarged, or at least one of the control buttons is enlarged for aperiod of time when the presence of an object over the control box orone of the control buttons is detected. In the case where the controlbox is enlarged each of the control buttons is enlarged thereby makingselection thereof much easier. In the case where only the control buttonis enlarged, the user would decide whether this is the correct buttonand if so select the enlarged control button, or restart the process sothat the appropriate control button is presented. In most cases, thesize of the control buttons corresponds to the size of the finger sothat they may be easily selected by the object. Following block 554, theGUI operational method 550 proceeds to block 556 where a control signalassociated with the selected control button is generated when thepresence of the object over one of the enlarged control buttons isdetected.

FIGS. 19A-19D illustrate a zooming target sequence using the GUIoperational method 550 described above. As shown in FIG. 19A, a user 510places their finger 576 over a control box 578. Because the buttons 580of the control box 578 included therein are smaller than the finger 576and located close together, it is difficult for the user 510 to make aselection directly without possibly pressing an undesirable button 580,e.g., a button adjacent the desired button. By way of example, thefinger 576 may cover two or more of the buttons 580. As shown in FIG.19B, at least a portion of the control box 578 is enlarged including thebuttons 580 included therein when the user places their thumb over thecontrol box. As shown in FIG. 19C, once the control box has reached itsenlarged state, the user can select one of the enlarged buttons, whichis now closer to the size of the thumb. By way of example, the user maytap on the desired control button. As shown in FIG. 19D, the control boxreduces to its initial size after the button is selected or after apredetermined time period in which no selection was made (e.g., timesout) or when the user moves their finger away from the control box.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 600, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The GUI operational method 600is configured for initiating a page turn. The GUI operational method 600generally begins at block 602 where a page from a multitude of pages isdisplayed in a GUI. By way of example, the pages may be associated withan electronic book. Following block 602, the GUI operational method 600proceeds to block 604 where the presence of an object (or objects) in apredetermined region over the page is detected. The predetermined areamay, for example, correspond to the area where the page number isdisplayed. Following block 604, the GUI operational method 600 proceedsto block 606 where a page turn signal is generated when the object (orobjects) is translated in the predetermined region. The translation isconfigured to simulate a finger turning the page in an actual paperbound book. The direction of the translation indicates whether to go tothe next page or previous page in the list of pages. For example, if thefinger is swiped right to left, then a page back signal is generated,and if the finger is swiped left to right, then a page up signal isgenerated. This GUI operational method 600 may be enhanced several ways.For instance, if multiple fingers are swiped, then this may create apaging signal greater than one page. For example, a two finger swipeequals two page turns, three finger swipe equals three page turns, etc.Or a two finger swipe equals ten page turns, three finger swipe equals50 page turns, etc.

FIGS. 21A-21D illustrate a page turning sequence using the GUIoperational method 600 described above. As shown in FIG. 21A, which is aclose up of a user 510 holding the tablet PC 512, the user swipes theirfinger over the page number in a direction to the left of the page 630.As shown in FIG. 21B, the tablet PC 512 recognizes the swipe anddirection of the swipe in the area of the page number and therefore thetablet PC 512 displays the next page in a group of pages. This can beperformed repeatedly to whisk through the group of pages. As shown inFIG. 21C, the user swipes their finger 576 over the page number in adirection to the right of the page 630. As shown in FIG. 21D, the tabletPC 512 recognizes the swipe and direction of the swipe in the area ofthe page number and therefore the tablet PC 512 displays the previouspage in a group of pages. This can be performed repeatedly to whiskthrough the group of pages.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 650, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The GUI operational method 650is configured for initiating inertia typically during a scrolling orpanning operation. Inertia is generally defined as the tendency of abody at rest to remain at rest or of a body in motion to stay in motionin a straight line unless disturbed by an external force. In thisparticular embodiment, the GUI or some portion thereof is associatedwith inertial properties, which is its resistance to rate of change inmotion. For a GUI with high inertia characteristics, the acceleration ofthe GUI will be small for a given input. On the other hand, if the GUIhas low inertia characteristics, the acceleration will be large for agiven input.

The GUI operational method 650 generally begins at block 652 where agraphical image is displayed on a GUI. Following block 652, the GUIoperational method 650 proceeds to block 654 where a scrolling orpanning stroke on a touch sensitive surface is detected. By way ofexample, the stroke may be a linear or rotational stroke. During alinear stroke, the direction of scrolling or panning typically followsthe direction of the stroke. During a rotational stroke (see FIG. 6),the rotational stroke is typically converted to a linear input whereclockwise motion may correspond to vertical up and counterclockwisemotion may correspond to vertical down. Following block 654 the processflow proceeds to block 656 where the speed and direction of thescrolling or panning stroke is determined. Following block 656, the GUIoperational method 650 proceeds to block 658 where the image is moved inaccordance with the speed and direction of the scrolling or panningstroke as well as the associated inertial characteristics. Followingblock 658, the GUI operational method 650 proceeds to block 660 wherethe motion of the image continues even when the panning or scrollingstroke is no longer detected. For example, when the user picks up theirfinger from the touch sensitive surface, the scrolling or panningfunction continues as if the scrolling or panning stroke was still beingmade. In some cases, the motion of the image continues infinitely untilsome braking (stopping or slowing) control is performed. This particularmethodology simulates zero gravity. In other cases, the motion of theimage is slowed in accordance with the associated inertia GUIoperational method 650. Metaphorically speaking, the image maycorrespond to a piece of paper moving over a desktop. In order to movethe piece of paper, the user exerts a force on the paper in the desireddirection. When the user lifts their finger off the paper, the paperwill continue to slid along the desktop in the desired direction forsome period of time. The amount it slides after lifting the fingergenerally depends on, among other things, its mass, the force applied bythe finger, the friction force found between the paper and the desktop,etc. As should be appreciated, traditionally when scrolling and panningare implemented, the scrolling or panning stops when the fingers arepicked up. In contrast, using the above mentioned methodology, thescrolling or panning continues to move when the fingers are picked up.

The GUI operational method 650 may additionally include blocks A and B.In block A, an object such as a finger is detected on the touchsensitive surface when the image is moving without the assistance of theobject (block 660). In block B, the motion of the image is stopped whenthe object is detected, i.e., the new touch serves as a braking means.Using the metaphor above, while the piece of paper is sliding across thedesktop, the user presses their finger on the paper thereby stopping itsmotion.

FIGS. 23A-23D illustrate an inertia sequence using the method describedabove. FIG. 23A illustrates a display presenting a GUI 678 including awindow 679 having a list 680 of media items 681. The window 679 and list680 may for example correspond to a control window and music list foundin iTunes™ manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc of Cupertino, Calif. Asshown in FIG. 23B, when the user slides their finger or fingers 576 overthe touch screen 520, vertical scrolling, which moves media items up ordown through the window, is implemented. The direction of scrolling mayfollow the same direction as finger movement (as shown), or it may go inthe reverse direction. In one particular embodiment, a single finger isused for selecting the media items from the list, and two fingers areused to scroll through the list.

Scrolling generally pertains to moving displayed data or images (e.g.,media items 681) across a viewing area on a display screen so that a newset of data (e.g., media items 681) is brought into view in the viewingarea. In most cases, once the viewing area is full, each new set of dataappears at the edge of the viewing area and all other sets of data moveover one position. That is, the new set of data appears for each set ofdata that moves out of the viewing area. In essence, these functionsallow a user to view consecutive sets of data currently outside of theviewing area. In most cases, the user is able to accelerate theirtraversal through the data sets by moving his or her finger at greaterspeeds. Examples of scrolling through lists can be found in U.S. PatentPublication Nos.: 2003/0076303A1, 2003/0076301A1, 2003/0095096A1, whichare herein incorporated by reference.

As shown in FIG. 23C, the displayed data continues to move even when thefinger is removed from the touch screen. The continuous motion is basedat least in part on the previous motion. For example the scrolling maybe continued in the same direction and speed. In some cases, thescrolling slow down over time, i.e., the speed of the traversal throughthe media items gets slower and slower until the scrolling eventuallystops thereby leaving a static list. By way of example, each new mediaitem brought into the viewing area may incrementally decrease the speed.Alternatively or additionally, as shown in FIG. 23D, the displayed datastops moving when the finger 576 is placed back on the touch screen 520.That is, the placement of the finger back on the touch screen canimplement braking, which stops or slows down the continuous actingmotion. Although this sequence is directed at vertical scrolling itshould be noted that this is not a limitation and that horizontalscrolling as well as panning may be performed using the methodsdescribed above.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 700, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The method 700 is configuredfor simulating a keyboard. The method generally begins at block 702where a keyboard is presented on the display. Following block 702, theprocess flow proceeds to block 704 where the presence of a first objectover a first key and a second object over a second key at the same timeis detected on a touch screen. The touch screen is positioned over or infront of the display. By way of example, the display may be an LCD andthe touch screen may be a multipoint touch screen. Following block 704,the process flow proceeds to block 706 where one or more simultaneouscontrol signals are generated when the first object is detected over thefirst key and when the second object is detected over the second key atthe same time.

In one embodiment, only a single control signal is generated when thefirst object is detected over the first key and when the second objectis detected over the second key at the same time. By way of example, thefirst key may be a shift key and the second key may be a symbol key(e.g., letters, numbers). In this manner, the keyboard acts like atraditional keyboard, i.e., the user is allowed to select multiple keysat the same time in order to change the symbol, i.e., lower/upper case.The keys may also correspond to the control key, alt key, escape key,function key, and the like.

In another embodiment, a control signal is generated for each actuatedkey (key touch) that occurs at the same time. For example, groups ofcharacters can be typed at the same time. In some cases, the applicationrunning behind the keyboard may be configured to determine the order ofthe characters based on some predetermined criteria. For example,although the characters may be jumbled, the application can determinethat the correct order of characters based on spelling, usage, context,and the like.

Although only two keys are described, it should be noted that two keysis not a limitation and that more than two keys may be actuatedsimultaneously to produce one or more control signals. For example,control-alt-delete functionality may be implemented or larger groups ofcharacters can be typed at the same time.

FIGS. 25A-25D illustrates a keyboard sequence using the method describedabove. FIG. 25A illustrates a display presenting a GUI object 730 in theform of a keyboard. As shown in FIG. 25B, a user positions their fingers576 over the multipoint touch screen 520 over the keyboard 730 to enterdata into a word processing program. By way of example, the user mayplace one of their fingers 576A on the Q key in order to produce a lowercase “q” in the word processing program. As shown in FIG. 25C, when theuser decides that a letter should be in upper case, the user places onefinger 576B on the shift key and another finger 576A on the desiredletter (as indicated by the arrows). As shown in FIG. 25D, in order tocontinue typing in lower case, the user simply removes their finger 576Bfrom the shift key and places their finger 576A over a desired letter(as indicated by the arrow).

FIG. 26 is a diagram of a GUI operational method 750, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The method 750 is configuredfor simulating a scroll wheel such as those described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos: 2003/0076303A1, 2003/0076301A1, 2003/0095096A1, all ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference. The method generally beginsat block 752 where a virtual scroll wheel is presented on the display.In some cases, the virtual scroll wheel may include a virtual button atits center. The virtual scroll wheel is configured to implementscrolling as for example through a list and the button is configured toimplement selections as for example items stored in the list. Followingblock 752, the method proceeds to block 754 where the presence of atleast a first finger and more particularly, first and second fingers (todistinguish between tracking and gesturing) over the virtual scrollwheel is detected on a touch screen. The touch screen is positioned overor in front of the display. By way of example, the display may be an LCDand the touch screen may be a multipoint touch screen. Following block754, the method proceeds to block 756 where the initial position of thefingers on the virtual scroll wheel is set. By way of example, the angleof the fingers relative to a reference point may be determined (e.g., 12o clock, 6 o clock, etc.). Following block 756, the method 750 proceedsto block 758 where a rotate signal is generated when the angle of thefingers change relative to the reference point. In most cases, the setdown of the fingers associate, link or lock the fingers (or finger) tothe virtual scroll wheel when the fingers are positioned over thevirtual scroll wheel. As a result, when the fingers are rotated, therotate signal can be used to rotate the virtual scroll wheel in thedirection of finger rotation (e.g., clockwise, counterclockwise). Inmost cases, the amount of wheel rotation varies according to the amountof finger rotation, i.e., if the fingers move 5 degrees then so will thewheel. Furthermore, the rotation typically occurs substantiallysimultaneously with the motion of the fingers. For instance, as thefingers rotate, the scroll wheel rotates with the fingers at the sametime.

In some cases, the principals of inertia as described above can beapplied to the virtual scroll wheel. In cases such as these, the virtualscroll wheel continues to rotate when the fingers (or one of thefingers) are lifted off of the virtual scroll wheel and slowly comes toa stop via virtual friction. Alternatively or additionally, thecontinuous rotation can be stopped by placing the fingers (or theremoved finger) back on the scroll wheel thereby braking the rotation ofthe virtual scroll wheel.

FIGS. 27A-27D illustrates a scroll wheel sequence using the methoddescribed above. FIG. 27A illustrates a display presenting a scrollwheel. The scroll wheel may be displayed automatically as part of aprogram or it may be displayed when a particular gesture is performed.By way of example, during the operation of a music program (such asiTunes manufactured by Apple Computer Inc., of Cupertino, Calif.), thevirtual scroll wheel may appear on the GUI of the music program when twofingers are placed on the touch screen rather than one finger which istypically used for tracking in the music program. In some cases, thevirtual scroll wheel only appears when two fingers are placed on apredetermined area of the GUI. As shown in FIG. 27B, a user positionstheir fingers over the multipoint touch screen 520 over the scrollwheel. At some point, the fingers are locked to the scroll wheel. Thiscan occur at set down for example. As shown in FIG. 27C, when thefingers are rotated in a clockwise direction, the scroll wheel isrotated in the clockwise direction in accordance with the rotatingfingers. As shown in FIG. 27D, when the fingers are rotated in acounterclockwise direction, the virtual scroll wheel is rotated in thecounter clockwise direction in accordance with the rotating fingers.Alternatively, rotation of the virtual scroll wheel may also be rotatedwith linear motion of the fingers in a tangential manner.

It should be noted that although a surface scroll wheel is shown, theprincipals thereof can be applied to more conventional scroll wheelswhich are virtually based. For example, scroll wheels, whose axis isparallel to the display screen and which appear to protrude through thedisplay screen as shown in FIG. 28. In this particular implementation,however, linear motion of the fingers are used to rotate the virtualscroll wheel.

The various aspects, embodiments, implementations or features of theinvention can be used separately or in any combination.

The invention is preferably implemented by hardware, software or acombination of hardware and software. The software can also be embodiedas computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computerreadable medium is any data storage device that can store data which canthereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computerreadable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs,DVDs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves.The computer readable medium can also be distributed overnetwork-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code isstored and executed in a distributed fashion.

While this invention has been described in terms of several preferredembodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents, whichfall within the scope of this invention. For example, although theinvention has been primarily directed at touchscreens, it should benoted that in some cases touch pads may also be used in place oftouchscreens. Other types of touch sensing devices may also be utilized.It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways ofimplementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. It istherefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted asincluding all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fallwithin the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

1. A computer implemented method of initiating inertia, the methodcomprising: displaying an image on a GUI; detecting a stroke on a touchsensitive surface; noting the speed and direction of the stroke; movingthe image or features embedded in the image in accordance with the speedand direction of the stroke; and slowing the motion of the image orfeatures embedded in the image in accordance with inertia principalswhen the stroke is no longer detected.
 2. The method as recited in claim1 further comprising: detecting an object on the touch sensitive surfacewhen image or features embedded in the image is slowing down because ofinertia; stopping the motion of the image or features embedded in theimage when another object is detected, the another object serving as abraking means to the moving image or features embedded in the image